The Department of Radiation Oncology was initially established in early 1990 under the leadership of Dr. Chen Guang-Yao, Director of the Cancer Treatment Center at Taipei Veterans General Hospital. He was joined by Consultant Dr. Wang Man-Zhao, Technician Mr. Li Yu-Lin, and Director Wu Yong-Ping. By mid-1990, the department had completed its main equipment procurement and recruited a team of doctors, nurses, and technicians at the Cancer Treatment Center of Taipei Veterans General Hospital for training.
In late September 1990, the team relocated south to Kaohsiung to install equipment, set up general facilities, and organize the environment while enhancing simulation training for clinical operations. By February 1991, the installation and testing of the unit’s first Siemens dual-energy linear accelerator were completed, successfully passing the Atomic Energy Council's radiation safety review. On March 11, 1991, the department officially began treating patients.
Through the dedicated efforts of Director Chang Ching-Hsiung, Director Liu Wen-Shan, and the entire team, the unit was upgraded to the Department of Radiation Oncology in November 2013. Following the restructuring, the department was divided into two subdivisions: the General Radiation Oncology Section and the Special Radiation Oncology Section.
In March 2021, Dr. Lin Yu-Wei, who previously served at Chi Mei Hospital, was appointed Chief of the General Radiation Oncology Section and concurrently Director of the Department of Radiation Oncology.